Knowledge of Science

                     Alcohols Hydrocarbons are the parents of other organic compounds. When One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by the different types of atoms or group of atoms from hydrocarbons then different types of organic compounds are formed .            When hydrogen atoms are replaced from saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons by the hydroxyl group (-OH) ,then Alcohols are formed.   For example-                 -H   R-H ------------->    R-OH                                +OH Where R is the alkAl group.                    -H  CH3-H ------------->     CH3-OH                         +OH              (Methanol) So, Hydroxy derivatives of the aliphatic hydrocarbons are known as Alcohols. Classification of Alcohols- Hydroxy derivatives of the aliphatic hydrocarbons are known as Alcohols. The general formula of the alcohols are R-OH. Where R is the Alkyl group. Alcohols are classified on the basis of the number of the Hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached to

Nomenclature of Haloalkanes The name of the haloalkanes are given by two different ways- (1)Trivial or common system- In this system haloalkanes are known as Alkyl halide.        There nomenclature are performed by the adding halide word in the given alkyl group. In this system the name of the compound is written in the two different words.    For example-     CH3-Cl          (Methyl chloride) CH3-CH2-Br     (ethyl bromide)                     Prifixes of the different types of alkyl group- (a) prefix- n The means of prefix-n is normal. This is used in the straight chain of the Alkyl group.  For example-  CH3-CH2-CH2-Br                          (n-propyl bromide) (b) prefix- iso Prefix-iso is used for those Alkyl group in which methyl (--CH3) branch is present in the last of the chain. For example- CH3-CH-Br          |          CH3   (Isopropyl bromide) (c) prefix- neo Prefix-neo is used for those Alkyl group in which two methyl (--CH3) gro

      Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Haloalkanes-  The word Haloalkane is made up by the two words, -          Halo = halogen          Alkane= Aliphatic hydrocarbon (containing single bond only) So, Haloalkanes are those compounds which is formed when a hydrogen atom replaced by any halogen atom from the alkanes.                - H    R-H  -------------->      R-X                 +X Where ,   R  =  Alkyl group               X  = Halogen ( F,Cl, Br, I) For example-                                  - H          CH3-H  --------------> CH3-Cl                            +Cl Haloarenes-  The word Haloarene is made up by the two words, -          Halo = halogen    Arene= Aromatic hydrocarbon So, Haloarenes are those compounds which is formed when a hydrogen atom replaced by any halogen atom from the arenes.                - H    Ar-H  -------------->      Ar-X                 +X Where ,  Ar  =  Aromatic hydrocarbon               X  = Halogen ( F,Cl, Br,

  Allotropes of carbon  The various physical forms in which an element can exist are called allotropes of the element. The carbon elements exists in three solid forms called allotropes. The three allotropes of the carbon are - (1) Diamond (2) Graphite (3) Buckminster fullerene               (1) Diamond Diamond is a colourless transparent substance having extraordinary shining. Diamond is quite heavy. Diamond is extremely hard. It is the hardest natural substance known. Diamond does not cunduct electricity. Diamond burns on strong heating to form carbon dioxide. If we burn diamond in Oxygen , then only CO2 gas is formed and nothing is left behind. This shows that diamond is made up of carbon only. Structure of Diamond -  A Diamond crystal is a very big molecule of carbon atoms. Each carbon atom in the diamond crystal is linked to four other carbon atoms by strong covalent bonds. The four surrounding carbon atoms are at the four vertices of a regular tetrahedro

        Newton's laws of motion Newton has given three laws to describe the motion of bodies. These laws are known as Newton's laws of motion. The Newton's laws of motion give a precise definition of force and establish a relationship between the force applied on a body and the state of motion acquired by it. Newton's first law of motion - Newton's first law describes the behaviour of such bodies which are in a state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line.          According to Newton's first law of motion -  A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will continue in motion in a straight line with a uniform speed, unless it is compelled by an external force to change its state of rest or of uniform motion.     It should be noted that by saying an external force, we mean a force from outside the body.      Let us take some examples to make the first law of motion more clear.     Suppose a book is lying on the table. It is at res